Custom Output Formats

This page describes how to properly configure your site with the media types and output formats, as well as where to create your templates for your custom outputs.

Media Types

A media type (also known as MIME type and content type) is a two-part identifier for file formats and format contents transmitted on the Internet.

This is the full set of built-in media types in Hugo:

type	suffix
application/javascript	js
application/json	json
application/rss	xml
application/xml	xml
text/calendar	ics
text/css	css
text/csv	csv
text/html	html
text/plain	txt

Note:

• It is possible to add custom media types or change the defaults; e.g., if you want to change the suffix for text/html to asp.
• The Suffix is the value that will be used for URLs and filenames for that media type in Hugo.
• The Type is the identifier that must be used when defining new/custom Output Formats (see below).
• The full set of media types will be registered in Hugo’s built-in development server to make sure they are recognized by the browser.

To add or modify a media type, define it in a mediaTypes section in your site configuration, either for all sites or for a given language.

Example in config.toml:

[mediaTypes]
  [mediaTypes."text/enriched"]
  suffix = "enr"
  [mediaTypes."text/html"]
  suffix = "asp"

The above example adds one new media type, text/enriched, and changes the suffix for the built-in text/html media type.

Output Formats

Given a media type and some additional configuration, you get an Output Format:

This is the full set of Hugo’s built-in output formats:

name	mediaType	path	baseName	rel	protocol	isPlainText	isHTML	noUgly
AMP	map[string:text/html+html mainType:text subType:html suffix:html delimiter:. type:text/html]	amp	index	amphtml		false	true	false
CSS	map[suffix:css delimiter:. type:text/css string:text/css+css mainType:text subType:css]		styles	stylesheet		true	false	false
CSV	map[type:text/csv string:text/csv+csv mainType:text subType:csv suffix:csv delimiter:.]		index	alternate		true	false	false
Calendar	map[delimiter:. type:text/calendar string:text/calendar+ics mainType:text subType:calendar suffix:ics]		index	alternate	webcal://	true	false	false
HTML	map[mainType:text subType:html suffix:html delimiter:. type:text/html string:text/html+html]		index	canonical		false	true	false
JSON	map[type:application/json string:application/json+json mainType:application subType:json suffix:json delimiter:.]		index	alternate		true	false	false
RSS	map[string:application/rss+xml mainType:application subType:rss suffix:xml delimiter:. type:application/rss]		index	alternate		false	false	true

• A page can be output in as many output formats as you want, and you can have an infinite amount of output formats defined as long as they resolve to a unique path on the file system. In the above table, the best example of this is AMP vs. HTML. AMP has the value amp for Path so it doesn’t overwrite the HTML version; e.g. we can now have both /index.html and /amp/index.html.
• The MediaType must match the Type of an already defined media type.
• You can define new output formats or redefine built-in output formats; e.g., if you want to put AMP pages in a different path.

To add or modify an output format, define it in an outputFormats section in your site’s configuration file, either for all sites or for a given language.

[outputFormats.MyEnrichedFormat]
mediaType = "text/enriched"
baseName = "myindex"
isPlainText = true
protocol = "bep://"

The above example is fictional, but if used for the homepage on a site with baseURL https://example.org, it will produce a plain text homepage with the URL bep://example.org/myindex.enr.

Configure Output Formats

The following is the full list of configuration options for output formats and their default values:

name

the output format identifier. This is used to define what output format(s) you want for your pages.

mediaType

this must match the Type of a defined media type.

path

sub path to save the output files.

baseName

the base filename for the list filenames (homepage, etc.). Default: index.

rel

can be used to create rel values in link tags. Default: alternate.

protocol

will replace the “http://” or “https://” in your baseURL for this output format.

isPlainText

use Go’s plain text templates parser for the templates. Default: false.

isHTML

used in situations only relevant for HTML-type formats; e.g., page aliases.

noUgly

used to turn off ugly URLs If uglyURLs is set to true in your site. Default: false.

notAlternative

enable if it doesn’t make sense to include this format in an AlternativeOutputFormats format listing on Page (e.g., with CSS). Note that we use the term alternative and not alternate here, as it does not necessarily replace the other format. Default: false.

Output Formats for Pages

A Page in Hugo can be rendered to multiple representations on the file system. By default, all pages will render as HTML with some of them also as RSS (homepage, sections, etc.).

This can be changed by defining an outputs list of output formats in either the Page front matter or in the site configuration (either for all sites or per language).

Example from site config.toml:

[outputs]
  home = ["HTML", "AMP", "RSS"]
  page = ["HTML"]

Example from site config.yml:

outputs:
  home: ["HTML", "AMP", "RSS"]
  page: ["HTML"]

• The output definition is per Page Kind (i.e, page, home, section, taxonomy, or taxonomyTerm).
• The names used must match the Name of a defined Output Format.
• Any Kind without a definition will default to HTML.
• These can be overridden per Page in the front matter of content files.
• Output formats are case insensitive.

The following is an example of YAML front matter in a content file that defines output formats for the rendered Page:

---
date: "2016-03-19"
outputs:
- html
- amp
- json
---

Link to Output Formats

Each Page has both an .OutputFormats (all formats, including the current) and an .AlternativeOutputFormats variable, the latter of which is useful for creating a link rel list in your site’s <head>:

{{ range .AlternativeOutputFormats -}}
<link rel="{{ .Rel }}" type="{{ .MediaType.Type }}" href="{{ .Permalink | safeURL }}">
{{ end -}}

Note that .Permalink and .RelPermalink on Page will return the first output format defined for that page (usually HTML if nothing else is defined).

This is how you link to a given output format:

{{ with  .OutputFormats.Get "json" -}}
<a href="{{ .Permalink }}">{{ .Name }}</a>
{{- end }}

From content files, you can use the ref or relref shortcodes:

[Neat]({{< ref "blog/neat.md" "amp" >}})
[Who]({{< relref "about.md#who" "amp" >}})

Templates for Your Output Formats

A new output format needs a corresponding template in order to render anything useful.

The following table shows examples of different output formats, the suffix used, and Hugo’s respective template lookup order. All of the examples in the table can:

• Use a base template.
• Include partial templates

Example	OutputFormat	Suffix	Template Lookup Order
AMP home, with theme "demoTheme".	AMP	html	[layouts/index.amp.html layouts/index.html layouts/_default/list.amp.html layouts/_default/list.html demoTheme/layouts/index.amp.html demoTheme/layouts/index.html demoTheme/layouts/_default/list.amp.html demoTheme/layouts/_default/list.html]
AMP home, French language".	AMP	html	[layouts/index.fr.amp.html layouts/index.amp.html layouts/index.fr.html layouts/index.html layouts/_default/list.fr.amp.html layouts/_default/list.amp.html layouts/_default/list.fr.html layouts/_default/list.html]
RSS home, no theme.	RSS	xml	[layouts/rss.xml layouts/_default/rss.xml layouts/_internal/_default/rss.xml]
JSON home, no theme.	JSON	json	[layouts/index.json.json layouts/index.json layouts/_default/list.json.json layouts/_default/list.json]
CSV regular, "layout: demolayout" in front matter.	CSV	csv	[layouts/_default/demolayout.csv.csv layouts/_default/demolayout.csv]
JSON regular, "type: demotype" in front matter.	JSON	json	[layouts/demotype/single.json.json layouts/demotype/single.json layouts/_default/single.json.json layouts/_default/single.json]
HTML regular.	HTML	html	[layouts/_default/single.html.html layouts/_default/single.html]
AMP regular.	AMP	html	[layouts/_default/single.amp.html layouts/_default/single.html]
Calendar blog section.	Calendar	ics	[layouts/section/blog.calendar.ics layouts/section/blog.ics layouts/blog/list.calendar.ics layouts/blog/list.ics layouts/_default/section.calendar.ics layouts/_default/section.ics layouts/_default/list.calendar.ics layouts/_default/list.ics]
Calendar taxonomy list.	Calendar	ics	[layouts/taxonomy/tag.calendar.ics layouts/taxonomy/tag.ics layouts/_default/taxonomy.calendar.ics layouts/_default/taxonomy.ics layouts/_default/list.calendar.ics layouts/_default/list.ics]
Calendar taxonomy term.	Calendar	ics	[layouts/taxonomy/tag.terms.calendar.ics layouts/taxonomy/tag.terms.ics layouts/_default/terms.calendar.ics layouts/_default/terms.ics]

Hugo will now also detect the media type and output format of partials, if possible, and use that information to decide if the partial should be parsed as a plain text template or not.

Hugo will look for the name given, so you can name it whatever you want. But if you want it treated as plain text, you should use the file suffix and, if needed, the name of the Output Format. The pattern is as follows:

[partial name].[OutputFormat].[suffix]

The partial below is a plain text template (Outpuf Format is CSV, and since this is the only output format with the suffix csv, we don’t need to include the Output Format’s Name):

{{ partial "mytextpartial.csv" . }}