Functions

A quick reference guide to Hugo’s functions, grouped by namespace. Aliases, if any, appear in parentheses to the right of the function name.

cast

Use these functions to cast a value from one data type to another.

cast.ToFloat: Converts a value to a decimal floating-point number (base 10).
cast.ToInt: Converts a value to a decimal integer (base 10).
cast.ToString: Converts a value to a string.

collections

Use these functions to manipulate and query maps, slices, and strings.

collections.After: Returns a slice containing the elements after the first N elements of the given slice.
collections.Append: Returns a slice by adding one or more elements, or an entire second slice, to the end of the given slice.
collections.Apply: Returns a slice by transforming each element of the given slice using a specific function and parameters.
collections.Complement: Returns a slice by identifying elements in the last given slice that do not appear in any of the preceding slices.
collections.D: Returns a sorted slice of unique random integers based on a given seed, count, and maximum value.
collections.Delimit: Returns a string by joining the values of the given slice or map with a delimiter.
collections.Dictionary: Returns a map created from the given key-value pairs.
collections.First: Returns the first N elements of the given slice or string.
collections.Group: Returns a map by grouping the given page collection (slice) by a specific key.
collections.In: Reports whether a value exists within the given slice or string.
collections.Index: Returns an element or value from the given slice or map at the specified key(s).
collections.Intersect: Returns a slice containing the common elements found in two given slices, in the same order as the first slice.
collections.IsSet: Reports whether a specific key or index exists in the given map or slice.
collections.KeyVals: Returns a KeyVals struct by pairing a given key and values.
collections.Last: Returns the last N elements of the given slice or string.
collections.Merge: Returns a map by combining two or more given maps.
collections.NewScratch: Returns a locally scoped persistent data structure for storing and manipulating keyed values.
collections.Querify: Returns a URL query string from the given map, slice, or sequence of key-value pairs.
collections.Reverse: Returns a slice by reversing the order of elements in the given slice.
collections.Seq: Returns a slice of integers starting from 1 or a given value, incrementing by 1 or a given value, and ending at a given value.
collections.Shuffle: Returns a slice by randomizing the element order of the given slice.
collections.Slice: Returns a slice created from the given values.
collections.Sort: Returns a sorted map or slice by reordering the given collection by a key and order.
collections.SymDiff: Returns a slice containing the symmetric difference of two given slices.
collections.Union: Returns a slice containing the unique elements from two given slices.
collections.Uniq: Returns a slice by removing duplicate elements from the given slice.
collections.Where: Returns a slice by filtering the given slice based on a key, operator, and value.

compare

Use these functions to compare two or more values.

compare.Conditional: Returns one of two arguments depending on the value of the control argument.
compare.Default: Returns the second argument if set, else the first argument.
compare.Eq: Returns the boolean truth of arg1 == arg2 || arg1 == arg3.
compare.Ge: Returns the boolean truth of arg1 >= arg2 && arg1 >= arg3.
compare.Gt: Returns the boolean truth of arg1 > arg2 && arg1 > arg3.
compare.Le: Returns the boolean truth of arg1 <= arg2 && arg1 <= arg3.
compare.Lt: Returns the boolean truth of arg1 < arg2 && arg1 < arg3.
compare.Ne: Returns the boolean truth of arg1 != arg2 && arg1 != arg3.

crypto

Use these functions to create cryptographic hashes.

crypto.HMAC: Returns a cryptographic hash that uses a key to sign a message.
crypto.MD5: Hashes the given input and returns its MD5 checksum encoded to a hexadecimal string.
crypto.SHA1: Hashes the given input and returns its SHA1 checksum encoded to a hexadecimal string.
crypto.SHA256: Hashes the given input and returns its SHA256 checksum encoded to a hexadecimal string.

css

Use these functions to work with CSS and Sass files.

css.Build: Bundle, transform, and minify CSS resources.
css.PostCSS: Processes the given resource with PostCSS using any PostCSS plugin.
css.Quoted: Returns the given string, setting its data type to indicate that it must be quoted when used in CSS.
css.Sass: Transpiles Sass to CSS.
css.TailwindCSS: Processes the given resource with the Tailwind CSS CLI.
css.Unquoted: Returns the given string, setting its data type to indicate that it must not be quoted when used in CSS.

debug

Use these functions to debug your templates.

debug.Dump: Returns an object dump as a string.
debug.Timer: Creates a named timer that reports elapsed time to the console.
debug.VisualizeSpaces: Returns the given string with spaces replaced by a visible string.

diagrams

Use these functions to render diagrams.

diagrams.Goat: Returns an SVGDiagram object created from the given GoAT markup and options.

encoding

Use these functions to encode and decode data.

encoding.Base64Decode: Returns the base64 decoding of the given content.
encoding.Base64Encode: Returns the base64 decoding of the given content.
encoding.Jsonify: Encodes the given object to JSON.

fmt

Use these functions to print strings within a template or to print messages to the terminal.

fmt.Errorf: Log an ERROR from a template.
fmt.Erroridf: Log a suppressible ERROR from a template.
fmt.Print: Prints the default representation of the given arguments using the standard fmt.Print function.
fmt.Printf: Formats a string using the standard fmt.Sprintf function.
fmt.Println: Prints the default representation of the given argument using the standard fmt.Print function and enforces a line break.
fmt.Warnf: Log a WARNING from a template.
fmt.Warnidf: Log a suppressible WARNING from a template.

global

Use these global functions to access page and site data.

page: Provides global access to a Page object.
site: Provides global access to the current Site object.

go template

These are the functions, operators, and statements provided by Go's text/template package.

and: Returns the first falsy argument. If all arguments are truthy, returns the last argument.
block: Defines a template and executes it in place.
break: Used with the range statement, stops the innermost iteration and bypasses all remaining iterations.
continue: Used with the range statement, stops the innermost iteration and continues to the next iteration.
define: Defines a template.
else: Begins an alternate block for if, with, and range statements.
end: Terminates if, with, range, block, and define statements.
if: Executes the block if the expression is truthy.
len: Returns the length of a string, slice, map, or collection.
not: Returns the boolean negation of its single argument.
or: Returns the first truthy argument. If all arguments are falsy, returns the last argument.
range: Iterates over a non-empty collection, binds context (the dot) to successive elements, and executes the block.
return: Used within partial templates, terminates template execution and returns the given value, if any.
template: Executes the given template, optionally passing context.
try: Returns a TryValue object after evaluating the given expression.
urlquery: Returns the escaped value of the textual representation of its arguments in a form suitable for embedding in a URL query.
with: Binds context (the dot) to the expression and executes the block if expression is truthy.

hash

Use these functions to create non-cryptographic hashes.

hash.FNV32a: Returns the 32-bit FNV (Fowler-Noll-Vo) non-cryptographic hash of the given string.
hash.XxHash: Returns the 64-bit xxHash non-cryptographic hash of the given string.

hugo

Use these functions to access information about the Hugo application and the current environment.

hugo.BuildDate: Returns the compile date of the Hugo binary.
hugo.CommitHash: Returns the Git commit hash of the Hugo binary.
hugo.Data: Returns a data structure composed from the files in the data directory.
hugo.Deps: Returns a slice of project dependencies, either Hugo Modules or local theme components.
hugo.Environment: Returns the current running environment.
hugo.Generator: Renders an HTML meta element identifying the software that generated the site.
hugo.GoVersion: Returns the Go version used to compile the Hugo binary
hugo.IsDevelopment: Reports whether the current running environment is "development".
hugo.IsExtended: Reports whether the Hugo binary is either the extended or extended/deploy edition.
hugo.IsMultihost: Reports whether each configured language has a unique base URL.
hugo.IsMultilingual: Reports whether there are two or more configured languages.
hugo.IsProduction: Reports whether the current running environment is "production".
hugo.IsServer: Reports whether the built-in development server is running.
hugo.Sites: Returns a collection of all sites for all dimensions.
hugo.Store: Returns a globally scoped persistent data structure for storing and manipulating keyed values.
hugo.Version: Returns the current version of the Hugo binary.
hugo.WorkingDir: Returns the project working directory.

images

Use these functions to create an image filter, apply an image filter to an image, and to retrieve image information.

images.AutoOrient: Returns an image filter that rotates and flips an image as needed per its Exif orientation tag.
images.Brightness: Returns an image filter that changes the brightness of an image.
images.ColorBalance: Returns an image filter that changes the color balance of an image.
images.Colorize: Returns an image filter that produces a colorized version of an image.
images.Config: Returns an image.Config structure from the image at the specified path, relative to the working directory.
images.Contrast: Returns an image filter that changes the contrast of an image.
images.Dither: Returns an image filter that dithers an image.
images.Filter: Applies one or more image filters to the given image resource.
images.Gamma: Returns an image filter that performs gamma correction on an image.
images.GaussianBlur: Returns an image filter that applies a gaussian blur to an image.
images.Grayscale: Returns an image filter that produces a grayscale version of an image.
images.Hue: Returns an image filter that rotates the hue of an image.
images.Invert: Returns an image filter that negates the colors of an image.
images.Mask: Returns an image filter that applies a mask to the source image.
images.Opacity: Returns an image filter that changes the opacity of an image.
images.Overlay: Returns an image filter that overlays the source image at the given coordinates, relative to the upper left corner.
images.Padding: Returns an image filter that resizes the image canvas without resizing the image.
images.Pixelate: Returns an image filter that applies a pixelation effect to an image.
images.Process: Returns an image filter that processes an image according to the given processing specification.
images.QR: Encodes the given text into a QR code using the specified options, returning an image resource.
images.Saturation: Returns an image filter that changes the saturation of an image.
images.Sepia: Returns an image filter that produces a sepia-toned version of an image.
images.Sigmoid: Returns an image filter that changes the contrast of an image using a sigmoidal function.
images.Text: Returns an image filter that adds text to an image.
images.UnsharpMask: Returns an image filter that sharpens an image.

inflect

These functions provide word inflection features such as singularization and pluralization of English nouns.

inflect.Humanize: Returns the humanized version of the input with the first letter capitalized.
inflect.Pluralize: Pluralizes the given word according to a set of common English pluralization rules.
inflect.Singularize: Singularizes the given word according to a set of common English singularization rules.

js

Use these functions to work with JavaScript and TypeScript files.

js.Babel: Compile the given JavaScript resource with Babel.
js.Batch: Build JavaScript bundle groups with global code splitting and flexible hooks/runners setup.
js.Build: Bundle, transpile, tree shake, and minify JavaScript resources.

lang

Use these functions to adapt your site to meet language and regional requirements.

lang.FormatAccounting: Returns a currency representation of a number for the given currency and precision for the current language and region in accounting notation.
lang.FormatCurrency: Returns a currency representation of a number for the given currency and precision for the current language and region.
lang.FormatNumber: Returns a numeric representation of a number with the given precision for the current language and region.
lang.FormatNumberCustom: Returns a numeric representation of a number with the given precision using negative, decimal, and grouping options.
lang.FormatPercent: Returns a percentage representation of a number with the given precision for the current language and region.
lang.Merge: Merge missing translations from other languages.
lang.Translate: Translates a string using the translation tables in the i18n directory.

math

Use these functions to perform mathematical operations.

math.Abs: Returns the absolute value of the given number.
math.Acos: Returns the arccosine, in radians, of the given number.
math.Add: Adds two or more numbers.
math.Asin: Returns the arcsine, in radians, of the given number.
math.Atan: Returns the arctangent, in radians, of the given number.
math.Atan2: Returns the arctangent, in radians, of the given number pair, determining the correct quadrant from their signs.
math.Ceil: Returns the least integer value greater than or equal to the given number.
math.Cos: Returns the cosine of the given radian number.
math.Counter: Increments and returns a global counter.
math.Div: Divides the first number by one or more numbers.
math.Floor: Returns the greatest integer value less than or equal to the given number.
math.Log: Returns the natural logarithm of the given number.
math.Max: Returns the greater of all numbers. Accepts scalars, slices, or both.
math.MaxInt64: Returns the maximum value for a signed 64-bit integer.
math.Min: Returns the smaller of all numbers. Accepts scalars, slices, or both.
math.Mod: Returns the modulus of two integers.
math.ModBool: Reports whether the modulus of two integers equals 0.
math.Mul: Multiplies two or more numbers.
math.Pi: Returns the mathematical constant pi.
math.Pow: Returns the first number raised to the power of the second number.
math.Product: Returns the product of all numbers. Accepts scalars, slices, or both.
math.Rand: Returns a pseudo-random number in the half-open interval [0.0, 1.0).
math.Round: Returns the nearest integer, rounding half away from zero.
math.Sin: Returns the sine of the given radian number.
math.Sqrt: Returns the square root of the given number.
math.Sub: Subtracts one or more numbers from the first number.
math.Sum: Returns the sum of all numbers. Accepts scalars, slices, or both.
math.Tan: Returns the tangent of the given radian number.
math.ToDegrees: ToDegrees converts radians into degrees.
math.ToRadians: ToRadians converts degrees into radians.

openapi3

Use these functions to work with OpenAPI 3 definitions.

openapi3.Unmarshal: Unmarshals the given resource into an OpenAPI 3 Description.

os

Use these functions to interact with the operating system.

os.FileExists: Reports whether the file or directory exists.
os.Getenv: Returns the value of an environment variable, or an empty string if the environment variable is not set.
os.ReadDir: Returns an array of FileInfo structures sorted by file name, one element for each directory entry.
os.ReadFile: Returns the contents of a file.
os.Stat: Returns a FileInfo structure describing a file or directory.

partials

Use these functions to call partial templates.

partials.Include: Executes the given template, optionally passing context. If the partial template contains a return statement, returns the given value, else returns the rendered output.
partials.IncludeCached: Executes the given template and caches the result, optionally passing one or more variant keys. If the partial template contains a return statement, returns the given value, else returns the rendered output.

path

Use these functions to work with file paths.

path.Base: Replaces path separators with slashes (/) and returns the last element of the given path.
path.BaseName: Replaces path separators with slashes (/) and returns the last element of the given path, removing the extension if present.
path.Clean: Replaces path separators with slashes (/) and returns the shortest path name equivalent to the given path.
path.Dir: Replaces path separators with slashes (/) and returns all but the last element of the given path.
path.Ext: Replaces path separators with slashes (/) and returns the file name extension of the given path.
path.Join: Replaces path separators with slashes (/), joins the given path elements into a single path, and returns the shortest path name equivalent to the result.
path.Split: Replaces path separators with slashes (/) and splits the resulting path immediately following the final slash, separating it into a directory and file name component.

reflect

Use these functions to determine a value's data type.

reflect.IsImageResource: Reports whether the given value is a Resource object representing an image as defined by its media type.
reflect.IsImageResourceProcessable: Reports whether the given value is a Resource object representing an image from which Hugo can extract dimensions and perform processing such as converting, resizing, cropping, or filtering.
reflect.IsImageResourceWithMeta: Reports whether the given value is a Resource object representing an image from which Hugo can extract dimensions and, if present, Exif, IPTC, and XMP data.
reflect.IsMap: Reports whether the given value is a map.
reflect.IsPage: Reports whether the given value is a Page object.
reflect.IsResource: Reports whether the given value is a Resource object.
reflect.IsSite: Reports whether the given value is a Site object.
reflect.IsSlice: Reports whether the given value is a slice.

resources

Use these functions to work with resources.

resources.ByType: Returns a collection of global resources of the given media type, or nil if none found.
resources.Concat: Returns a concatenated slice of resources.
resources.Copy: Copies the given resource to the target path.
resources.ExecuteAsTemplate: Returns a resource created from a Go template, parsed and executed with the given context.
resources.Fingerprint: Cryptographically hashes the content of the given resource.
resources.FromString: Returns a resource created from a string.
resources.Get: Returns a global resource from the given path, or nil if none found.
resources.GetMatch: Returns the first global resource from paths matching the given glob pattern, or nil if none found.
resources.GetRemote: Returns a remote resource from the given URL, or nil if none found.
resources.Match: Returns a collection of global resources from paths matching the given glob pattern, or nil if none found.
resources.Minify: Minifies the given resource.
resources.PostProcess: Processes the given resource after the build.

safe

Use these functions to declare a value as safe in the context of Go's html/template package.

safe.CSS: Declares the given string as a safe CSS string.
safe.HTML: Declares the given string as a safeHTML string.
safe.HTMLAttr: Declares the given key-value pair as a safe HTML attribute.
safe.JS: Declares the given string as a safe JavaScript expression.
safe.JSStr: Declares the given string as a safe JavaScript string.
safe.URL: Declares the given string as a safe URL or URL substring.

strings

Use these functions to work with strings.

strings.Chomp: Returns the given string, removing all trailing newline characters and carriage returns.
strings.Contains: Reports whether the given string contains the given substring.
strings.ContainsAny: Reports whether the given string contains any character within the given set.
strings.ContainsNonSpace: Reports whether the given string contains any non-space characters as defined by Unicode.
strings.Count: Returns the number of non-overlapping instances of the given substring within the given string.
strings.CountRunes: Returns the number of runes in the given string excluding whitespace.
strings.CountWords: Returns the number of words in the given string.
strings.Diff: Returns an anchored diff of the two texts OLD and NEW in the unified diff format. If OLD and NEW are identical, returns an empty string.
strings.FindRE: Returns a slice of strings that match the regular expression.
strings.FindRESubmatch: Returns a slice of all successive matches of the regular expression. Each element is a slice of strings holding the text of the leftmost match of the regular expression and the matches, if any, of its subexpressions.
strings.FirstUpper: Returns the given string, capitalizing the first character.
strings.HasPrefix: Reports whether the given string begins with the given prefix.
strings.HasSuffix: Reports whether the given string ends with the given suffix.
strings.Repeat: Returns a new string consisting of zero or more copies of another string.
strings.Replace: Returns a copy of INPUT, replacing all occurrences of OLD with NEW.
strings.ReplacePairs: Returns a copy of a string with multiple replacements performed in a single pass, using a slice of old and new string pairs.
strings.ReplaceRE: Returns a copy of INPUT, replacing all occurrences of a regular expression with a replacement pattern.
strings.RuneCount: Returns the number of runes in the given string.
strings.SliceString: Returns a substring of the given string, beginning with the start position and ending before the end position.
strings.Split: Returns a slice of strings by splitting the given string by a delimiter.
strings.Substr: Returns a substring of the given string, beginning with the start position and ending after the given length.
strings.Title: Returns the given string, converting it to title case.
strings.ToLower: Returns the given string, converting all characters to lowercase.
strings.ToUpper: Returns the given string, converting all characters to uppercase.
strings.Trim: Returns the given string, removing leading and trailing characters specified in the cutset.
strings.TrimLeft: Returns the given string, removing leading characters specified in the cutset.
strings.TrimPrefix: Returns the given string, removing the prefix from the beginning of the string.
strings.TrimRight: Returns the given string, removing trailing characters specified in the cutset.
strings.TrimSpace: Returns the given string, removing leading and trailing whitespace as defined by Unicode.
strings.TrimSuffix: Returns the given string, removing the suffix from the end of the string.
strings.Truncate: Returns the given string, truncating it to a maximum length without cutting words or leaving unclosed HTML tags.

templates

Use these functions to query the template system.

templates.Current: Returns information about the currently executing template.
templates.Defer: Defer execution of a template until after all sites and output formats have been rendered.
templates.Exists: Reports whether a template file exists under the given path relative to the layouts directory.
templates.Inner: Executes the content block enclosed by a partial call.

time

Use these functions to work with time values.

time.AsTime: Returns the given string representation of a date/time value as a time.Time value.
time.Duration: Returns a time.Duration value using the given time unit and number.
time.Format: Returns the given date/time as a formatted and localized string.
time.In: Returns the given date/time as represented in the specified IANA time zone.
time.Now: Returns the current local time.
time.ParseDuration: Returns a time.Duration value by parsing the given duration string.

transform

Use these functions to transform values from one format to another.

transform.CanHighlight: Reports whether the given language is supported for syntax highlighting.
transform.Emojify: Runs a string through the Emoji emoticons processor.
transform.Highlight: Renders code with a syntax highlighter.
transform.HighlightCodeBlock: Highlights code received in context within a code block render hook.
transform.HTMLEscape: Returns the given string, escaping special characters by replacing them with HTML entities.
transform.HTMLToMarkdown: Converts HTML to Markdown.
transform.HTMLUnescape: Returns the given string, replacing each HTML entity with its corresponding character.
transform.Markdownify: Renders Markdown to HTML.
transform.Plainify: Returns a string with all HTML tags removed.
transform.PortableText: Converts Portable Text to Markdown.
transform.Remarshal: Marshals a string of serialized data, or a map, into a string of serialized data in the specified format.
transform.ToMath: Renders mathematical equations and expressions written in the LaTeX markup language.
transform.Unmarshal: Parses serialized data and returns a map or an array. Supports CSV, JSON, TOML, YAML, and XML.
transform.XMLEscape: Returns the given string, removing disallowed characters then escaping the result to its XML equivalent.

urls

Use these functions to work with URLs.

urls.AbsLangURL: Returns an absolute URL with a language prefix, if any.
urls.AbsURL: Returns an absolute URL.
urls.Anchorize: Returns the given string, sanitized for usage in an HTML id attribute.
urls.JoinPath: Joins the provided elements into a URL string and cleans the result of any ./ or ../ elements. If the argument list is empty, JoinPath returns an empty string.
urls.Parse: Parses a URL into a URL structure.
urls.PathEscape: Returns the given string, applying percent-encoding to special characters and reserved delimiters so it can be safely used as a segment within a URL path.
urls.PathUnescape: Returns the given string, replacing all percent-encoded sequences with the corresponding unescaped characters.
urls.Ref: Returns the absolute URL of the page with the given path, language, and output format.
urls.RelLangURL: Returns a relative URL with a language prefix, if any.
urls.RelRef: Returns the relative URL of the page with the given path, language, and output format.
urls.RelURL: Returns a relative URL.
urls.URLize: Returns the given string, sanitized for usage in a URL.

Last updated: April 10, 2025 : Merge commit '5be51ac3db225d5df501ed1fa1499c41d97dbf65' (283e97783)

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